System, method and apparatus for integrated building operations management

ABSTRACT

A system, method and apparatus for integrated building operations management. Nodes in the sensor network can be configured to interface with a building control system to exchange sensor-related information.

This application is a continuation-in-part of non-provisional application Ser. No. 15/264,697, filed Sep. 14, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part of non-provisional application Ser. No. 14/926,089, filed Oct. 29, 2015, which is a continuation-in-part of non-provisional application Ser. No. 14/871,014, filed Sep. 30, 2015 (Now U.S. Pat. No. 9,876,653), which is a continuation-in-part of non-provisional application Ser. No. 14/710,170, filed May 12, 2015 (Now U.S. Pat. No. 9,551,594). This application claims the benefit of and priority to provisional application No. 62/469,958, filed Mar. 10, 2017. Non-provisional application Ser. No. 14/710,170 claims the benefit of and priority to provisional application no. 61/992,307, filed May 13, 2014, and to provisional application No. 62/136,959, filed Mar. 23, 2015. Each of the above-identified applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND Field

The present disclosure relates generally to sensor applications, including a system, method and apparatus for integrated building operations management.

Introduction

Sensors can be used to monitor various conditions at a monitored location such as a building. In one example, sensors can be used to monitor physical environment conditions such as temperature, humidity, and air quality. In another example, sensors can be used to monitor physical environment conditions such as consumption of a particular utility (e.g., power). The application of sensors within the building context is growing as the utility provided by such monitoring expands.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and features can be obtained, a more particular description will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure describes and explains with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example embodiment of integrating sensors with a control system.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of a node in a sensor network.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of a bridge unit.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example embodiment of a bridge unit interfacing with an external controller.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of a sensor network node physically attached to a set of bridge units.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment of a housing of a sensor network node that exposes connector interfaces.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example embodiment of a housing of a bridge unit.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example embodiment of a gateway.

FIG. 9 illustrates an overview of an example configuration of a sensor network platform for the collection of data.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example embodiment of an interaction by a network node device interfacing with an external controller.

FIG. 11 illustrates an overview of an example configuration of a sensor network platform for the presentation of data.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example embodiment of an interaction by a network node device interfacing with a control system.

FIG. 13 provides an example illustration of an operation of a sensor network that collects sensor data and presents sensor information to a control system.

FIG. 14 provides an example illustration of an operation of a sensor network that receives control data from a control system and presents control information to an actuator device.

FIG. 15 provides an example wireless sensor network that integrates with and extends a BAS.

FIG. 16 illustrates a customer interface facilitated by a new application layer on top of a legacy BAS infrastructure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments are discussed in detail below. While specific implementations are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other components and configurations may be used without parting from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

A Building Management System (BMS) is an example of a computer-based control system installed in a building. In general, a computer-based control system can monitor and control some aspect of a building's functionality. A BMS, for example, can be designed to monitor and control the building's mechanical and electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems, and security systems. Other examples of computer-based control systems installed in a building include a Building Automation System (BAS), a Facility Management Systems (FMS), an Energy Management Systems (EMS), a Maintenance Management System (MMS), or any other control system installed in a building that can leverage input information based on sensor measurements.

A building control system (BCS) such as a BMS is a combination of hardware and software and is typically proprietary. For example, a BCS can be installed during the building construction phase as it is tied in with the installation of extensive mechanical, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), electrical, and plumbing systems. Due in part to its scale of operation, the BCS is often rigidly configured or incomplete in its reach. This results because the BCS may not be installed with the sufficient level of granularity to enable fine-tuning of its operation to meet the particular needs of a building site. Further problematic is the prohibitive expense of adjusting or modifying the proprietary BCS. In general, the BCS can be inflexible in adapting to the dynamic nature of the on-site needs as the building usage evolves over time. This can be especially true when considering the need for increasing the number of sensors at a building site.

The reach of a control system can be incomplete because a plurality of sensors may not yet be integrated with the control system. This lack of integration can result from the inflexibility of the control system in adapting to the changing sensor application needs at the monitored location. The changing sensor application needs can represent the addition of new sensors in a building that respond to new government regulations, that respond to sensor needs in new locations, that respond to new tenant requirements, that incorporate new sensor technology, that incorporate new sensor interfaces, or that achieves any new sensor objective that is beyond the scope of the BCS as initially installed or currently operated. As noted, BCS installations can be inflexible and require significant expense to modify or otherwise adjust its operation. This significant expense will often preclude the integration of sensors with the BCS, thereby reducing the overall return on the original investment in the BCS.

In the present disclosure, it is recognized that a sensor network platform can be used to augment the existing functionality of a building control system at a monitored location. FIG. 1 illustrates an example embodiment. In the example embodiment, gateway device 121 is installed at monitored location 100 with a network connection with operation center 130 located external to monitored location 100. This network connection can be embodied in various forms depending upon the particular characteristics of monitored location 100. For example, where monitored location 100 is a building in a developed area, then the network connection can be facilitated by a wired Internet connection via an Internet service provider (ISP). Where monitored location 100 is a remote physical area (or movable area), then the network connection can be facilitated by a terrestrial-based or satellite-based wireless network. Here, it should be noted that multiple gateways can be used at a particular monitored location, wherein each gateway supports a different set of sensors and has a separate network connection to an operation center.

In general, a monitored location can represent any area where one or more sensors are deployed. The monitored location may or may not represent a physical area having clearly defined boundaries. As would be appreciated, the extent of the sensor application itself provides a sense of boundary to the monitored location. In one example, the monitored location can represent a building such as a home, hotel, industrial facility, school, hospital, community building, stadium, airport, convention center, warehouse, office building, mall, shopping center, data center, multi-dwelling unit, or other defined building structure. In another example, the monitored location can represent an area of control such as a vehicle or container in any mode of transport, an asset collection area, a construction zone, or any monitored area that can be fixed or movable. In yet another example, the monitored location can represent an area proximate to an article, device, person or other item of interest upon which one or more sensors are attached.

Gateway device 121 can communicate with a plurality of sensor network nodes 122 ₁-122 _(N), wherein each sensor network node can support one or more non-integrated sensors. Sensor network nodes 122 _(n) can communicate with gateway 121 via wired or wireless communication. To illustrate the various ways that a sensor network node can support one or more sensors, consider the example of sensor network node 122 ₁. First, one or more sensors (S) can be integrated with sensor network node 122 ₁. Second, one or more sensors can be supported by bridge unit (BU) 140, which can be configured for attachment to sensor network node 122 ₁. Third, one or more sensors can be supported by bridge unit 150, which communicates with an external controller 160 that supports one or more sensors 170. In one embodiment, communication between a bridge unit and an external controller can be based on an industry-defined protocol. For example, the interface can be based on Modbus, Building Automation and Control Network (BACnet), LonWorks, or any other industry-defined interface specification.

Whether from internal sensors or from sensors supported by one or more bridge units attached to a sensor network node, data based on sensor measurements can be collected by a sensor network node and transmitted to operation center 130 for storage in a database. As an example, sensor network node 122 ₁ can collect data based on measurements by sensors integrated with sensor network node 122 ₁, can collect data based on measurements by sensors supported by bridge unit 140, and can collect data based on measurements by sensors supported by bridge unit 150. The collected data based on measurements by these various supported sensors can be transmitted to operation center 130 via gateway 121. Operation center 130 can then store the collected data in a database for subsequent retrieval and visualization of physical conditions at the monitored location.

The data collected by sensor network node 122 ₁ can represent sensor data that has not been integrated with control system 111. This lack of integration can lead to fractured building operations because it is based on an incomplete set of sensor data. In one embodiment, operation center 130 can be configured to process the collected sensor data to produce customized sensor information based on the non-integrated sensors for presentation to a known interface supported by control system 111. In general, the customized sensor information can be designed to produce actionable information for use by control system 111 as part of a unified, integrated building operations process.

In one example, the customized information can represent sensor measurement data that has been conditioned for use by control system 111. In one scenario, operation center 130 can smooth a stream of sensor data by presenting a moving average of sensor data. The smoothed or otherwise conditioned data can prevent control system 111 from performing unwarranted response actions upon the occurrence of spurious sensor data readings.

In another example, operation center 130 can be configured to transform multiple sensor data values into a transformed data value. In one scenario, operation center 130 can generate a power measurement data value based on a voltage measurement data value and a current measurement data value. Here, it should be noted that operation center 130 can be configured to perform complex conversion functions that may not be supported by a device that performed the sensor measurements.

In yet another example, operation center 130 can be configured to transform multiple sensor data values into information reflective of custom analytics. In a simple scenario, operation center 130 can be configured to analyze collected sensor data relative to a threshold value. This alert function can be applied to a single stream of collected data. In a more complex scenario, an alert function can be defined that analyzes a composite of multiple data values. For example, the alert function can analyze a moving average, a rate of change, or any factor inclusive of multiple data values to determine whether an alert should be triggered. In one scenario, the custom analytics can be configured to monitor the operation of equipment at a monitored location to determine whether a maintenance action should be scheduled. As would be appreciated, these examples are not intended to be limiting of the scope of the present disclosure. In general, the particular form of the alert function would be implementation dependent. Operation center 130 can be configured to process collected data to produce any form or type of information needed by control system 111. Thus, the particular processing performed by operation center 130 would be dependent on the needs and capabilities of control system 111 and the sensor application implemented.

The processing of collected sensor data can produce customized sensor information for presentation to control system 111. The customized sensor information can be transmitted by operation center 130 to gateway 121. Gateway 121 can then forward the customized sensor information to sensor network node 122 ₂ via the sensor network node communication infrastructure. Sensor network node 122 ₂ can be configured to interface with control system 111 via bridge unit 180 to present the customized information to control system 111 through a supporting interface controller 190 (e.g., Modbus, BACnet, or other building communication protocol) for control system 111.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of a sensor network node that can provide varied support for one or more sensors. As illustrated, sensor network node 200 includes transceiver 220, which can support wired or wireless communication. The use of wireless communication enables sensor network node 200 to be installed at locations that are remote from the network infrastructure used by the control system. In one embodiment, a plurality of sensor network nodes can form a wireless mesh network using the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. This wireless mesh network enables sensor network node 200 to communicate with a gateway or another sensor network node that operates as a relay between sensor network node 200 and the gateway. Where wired communication is supported, sensor network node 200 can be configured to communicate with another sensor network node, a gateway or an operation center.

Controller 210 can collect data based on measurements by a plurality of sensors 240 ₁-240 _(N) that are contained within or otherwise supported by sensor network node 200. In one embodiment, the plurality of sensors 240 ₁-240 _(N) integrated with sensor network node 200 can include a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an air quality (e.g., CO₂) sensor, a light sensor, a sound sensor, a battery voltage sensor, or any other sensor that can be supported by sensor network node 200. In general, the plurality of sensors 240 ₁-240 _(N) can facilitate monitoring of the physical environment at that part of the monitored location, including the health and/or status of sensor network node 200.

A sensor network node can also collect sensor measurements from one or more sensors via bridge units. As illustrated in FIG. 2, controller 210 can collect data from a set of bridge units that are connected to sensor network node 200 via one or more of a plurality of universal sensor interfaces 230 ₁-230 _(N). Each universal sensor interface 230 _(n) can support the connection of sensor network node 200 with a separate bridge unit. The plug-and-play universal sensor interface facilitates the separation of the sensor network node communication infrastructure from the set of one or more bridge units that are deployed at the location at which the supporting sensor network node is installed. This separation creates significant flexibility in providing customized sensor application solutions after installation of the control system.

Universal sensor interfaces 230 _(n) can represent a combination of hardware and software. The hardware portion of a universal sensor interfaces 230 _(n) can include a wired interface that enables communication of different signals between sensor network node 200 and a connected bridge unit. In one example, the wired interface can be enabled through a connector interface, which is exposed by the housing of sensor network node 200, and that is configured to receive a bridge unit connector via removable, pluggable insertion.

In one embodiment, the wired interface can be based on a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus. In one example, the wired interface enables six connections: supply, ground, data in, data out, clock, and device select. The device select connection can be unique to each wired interface and can enable controller 210 in sensor network node 200 to select the particular bridge unit with which sensor network node 200 desires to communicate.

The software portion of a universal sensor interface 230 _(n) can include a protocol that allows sensor network node 200 to communicate with a bridge unit. In one example protocol, controller 210 can be configured to poll the various universal sensor interfaces 230 ₁-230 _(N) to determine whether any bridge units are connected. As part of this protocol, controller 210 can first request a sensor ID from a bridge unit. If the response read is “0”, then controller 210 would know that no bridge unit is connected to that universal sensor interface 230 _(n). If, on the other hand, the response read is not “0”, then controller 210 would ask for the number of data values that have to be retrieved and the number of bits on which the data values are coded. In one example, the higher order 8-bits of a 16-bit communication between controller 210 and a bridge unit identifies the number of data values, while the lower order 8-bits of the 16-bit communication identifies the number of bits used to code each data value. Based on the number of data values to be retrieved, controller 210 would then collect that number of data values.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of a bridge unit configured for attachment to a sensor network node, an example of which was described with reference to FIG. 2. As illustrated, bridge unit 300 includes controller 310, which communicates over a universal sensor interface with a supporting sensor network node. In one embodiment, bridge unit 300 supports the universal sensor interface with a connector 320 configured for pluggable, removable insertion into a corresponding connector interface exposed by the supporting sensor network node. In another embodiment, the bridge unit can be coupled to the connector interface exposed by the supporting sensor network node via a connector attached to a cable.

Bridge unit 300 can support a plurality of sensors 330 ₁-330 _(N) such as a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an air quality (e.g., CO₂) sensor, a light sensor, a sound sensor, an accelerometer sensor, a pulse sensor, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, or any other sensor that can be incorporated in bridge unit 300. Additionally, one or more of the plurality of sensors 330 ₁-330 _(N) can generate sensor data based on inputs received from an external sensor element. For example, a pulse sensor in bridge unit 300 can be configured to receive pulse signal inputs from an external sensor element and can translate the pulse signal inputs into sensor data. As would be appreciated, one or more of the plurality of sensors 330 ₁-330 _(N) can be configured to operate on any type of input signals generated by an external sensor element. In various examples, the signal inputs can be generated by external sensor elements that support an occupancy sensor application, a radiation sensor application, a contact sensor application, a flow sensor application, a resource consumption application, a credential sensor application, or any other type of sensor application configured to measure a characteristic associated with a physical environment of a part of the monitored location.

Bridge unit 300 can also support one or more sensors via an interface of the bridge unit with an external controller. Referring back to the example illustration of FIG. 1, this scenario is illustrated by bridge unit 150 interfacing with external controller 160, which supports one or more sensors 170 and by bridge unit 180 interfacing with external controller 190 that is part of control system 111. As noted, the interface between a bridge unit and an external controller can be based on an industry-defined protocol such as Modbus, BACnet, LonWorks, or any other industry-defined interface specification. It should also be noted that an external controller can be integrated with one or more sensors and/or can support the one or more sensors via a further interface.

With reference to the example embodiment of FIG. 3, bridge unit 300 can include interface section 340 to support the interface with an external controller. Interface section 340 can include an interface controller 341 that can be configured to communicate with a corresponding external controller that provides support for one or more sensors. For example, interface section 340 can be configured to communicate with an energy-monitoring meter having voltage and current sensors that can be used to determine energy-related data such as kWh, kW peak demand, power factor per phase, amps per phase and volts per phase. In this example, interface controller 341 can read data from the energy-monitoring meter using the industry-defined interface. In one scenario, the read data can include a plurality of sensor information 342 ₁-342 _(N) as well as one or more elements of additional information 343. As would be appreciated, the one or more elements of additional information 343 can relate to the interface, one or more sensors, the meter, the application, or any information relevant to the resulting connection of the meter to the bridge unit. In one embodiment, the functionality performed by interface controller 341 can be performed by controller 310. As such, bridge unit can include a single controller to support the interface with a supporting sensor network node and the interface with the external controller.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example embodiment of a bridge unit interfacing with an external device that supports one or more sensors. As would be appreciated, Modbus, BACnet, LonWorks, or any other industry-defined interface can be used between the bridge unit and an external controller.

In one example, the Modbus protocol defines a message structure and format used in communication transactions. In a Modbus RTU implementation, Modbus devices can communicate using a master-slave method, in which only the master device can initiate a communications transaction with a slave device. A Modbus slave device can hold accessible data in addressable registers. A Modbus slave can contain one or more of four groups of data, including Coil status, Input status, Input registers and Holding registers. A Coil status is a single-bit flag that can represent the status of a digital output of the slave, an Input status is a single-bit flag that can represent the status of a digital input of the slave, an Input register is a 16-bit register that can store data collected by the slave device, and a Holding register is a 16-bit register that can store general-purpose data in the slave device. The various status and registers can be accessed through a specification of a data address (and range) of interest. A Modbus message can include a device address, function code (e.g., read/write Holding register), and the data address or range of addresses.

In another example, the BACnet protocol represents data in terms of objects, properties and services. An object can represent a collection of information that can be uniquely identified and accessed over a network in a standardized way. For example, an object can represent a collection of information about a physical input or output. Every object has an identifier that allows the BACnet system to identify it. The object's collection of information can represent a number of prescribed properties of the object. An object can be monitored and controlled through its properties. For example, the present-value property of an object can represent a current sensor measurement value, while the units property can identify the units of that sensor measurement value. Finally, a service is the mechanism that is used to access a property or request an action from a BACnet object. Services are how one BACnet device gets information from another device, commands a device to perform certain actions, or communicates events to other objects.

A bridge unit can be designed to support a particular data communication protocol. As illustrated in FIG. 4, bridge unit 410 includes controller 411, an example of which was described with reference to controller 310 in FIG. 3, and protocol interface 412. Protocol interface 412 can include a controller and interface hardware that enables bridge unit 410 to interface with external device 430 using a particular data communication protocol.

In one embodiment, bridge unit 410 can operate as a requesting device while external device 430 can operate as a responding device. The requests and responses would be facilitated by the data communication protocol. In one example, bridge unit 410 can be configured to transmit requests for sensor-related data from external device 430, which can represent a sensor, meter, control system, or other device that supports the data communication protocol. In one embodiment, the interface between bridge unit 410 and external device 430 can be a serial interface. In another embodiment, the interface between bridge unit 410 and external device 430 can be enabled by a TCP/IP network.

The configuration of bridge unit 410 as a requesting device can be based on configuration settings stored in a database of the operation center. In one embodiment, the configuration settings for bridge unit 410 can be stored in accordance with an identifier based on a gateway identifier, a sensor network node identifier, and a port identifier, wherein the port identifier references a particular connector interface of the sensor network node to which bridge unit 410 is connected. Based on the configuration settings stored in the database, the operation center can generate one or more configuration packets for transmission to the supporting sensor network node via the gateway. The configuration packets can be used by the supporting sensor network node to configure the operation of bridge unit 410 as a requesting device attached to the particular port of the supporting sensor network node.

In another embodiment, bridge unit 410 can operate as a responding device while external device 430 can operate as a requesting device. The requests and responses would be facilitated by the data communication protocol. In one example, bridge unit 410 can be configured to respond to requests for sensor-related data from external device 430, which can represent a control system or other device that supports the data communication protocol.

The configuration of bridge unit 410 as a responding device can be based on configuration settings stored in a database of the operation center. In one embodiment, the configuration settings for bridge unit 410 can be stored in accordance with an identifier based on a gateway identifier, a sensor network node identifier, and a port identifier, wherein the port identifier references a particular connector interface of the sensor network node to which bridge unit 410 is connected. Based on the configuration settings stored in the database, the operation center can generate one or more configuration packets for transmission to the supporting sensor network node via the gateway. The configuration packets can be used by the supporting sensor network node to configure the operation of bridge unit 410 as a responding device attached to the particular port of the supporting sensor network node.

In this embodiment, bridge unit 410 can be configured to emulate a device that can respond to a particular data communication protocol request. From one perspective, bridge unit 410 can function as a type of proxy. In this context, bridge unit 410 can stand in the place of another device in presenting information to the requesting device. The information that bridge unit 410 presents to the requesting device can be received from the operation center or another sensor network node. As such, the information provided to bridge unit 410 can be based on sensor data generated by another device, such as by sensors supported by another sensor network node. In various examples, the information can represent sensor data collected by another sensor network node, sensor data that has been processed or otherwise converted by the operation center, information generated by analytics performed by the operation center (e.g., alerts, alarms, status, control actions, or other derived data), or any other information useful to the requesting device.

As has been described, a bridge unit can collect sensor-related data from a plurality of sensors in a variety of ways, and can present sensor-related data to a requesting device. The bridge unit can communicate with a sensor network node via a universal interface.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example data flow between a sensor network node and a plurality of bridge units. As illustrated, sensor network node 500 interfaces with a plurality of bridge units, including bridge unit 520 ₁, bridge unit 520 ₂, . . . , and bridge unit 520 _(N). Connectors of bridge unit 520 ₁, bridge unit 520 ₂, . . . , and bridge unit 520 _(N) are each physically attached to separate connector interfaces exposed by the housing of sensor network node 500.

The attachment of bridge unit 520 ₁ to sensor network node 500 enables communication of data between controller 521 ₁ and controller 510, the attachment of bridge unit 520 ₂ to sensor network node 500 enables communication of data between controller 521 ₂ and controller 510, . . . , and the attachment of bridge unit 520 _(N) to sensor network node 500 enables communication of data between controller 521 _(N) and controller 510. By these attachments, each of bridge units 520 ₁, 520 ₂, . . . , and 520 _(N) can be coupled to sensor network node 500 via a universal sensor interface having the connectivity characteristics described above. The plug-and-play nature of the connection of bridge units to a supporting sensor network node facilitates a modular framework for the collection of sensor data at a monitored location.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment of a housing of a sensor network node such as the example illustration of sensor network node 200 in FIG. 2. As illustrated, sensor network node 600 can have a housing configured to expose a plurality of connector interfaces 610. Each of the plurality of connector interfaces 610 can support the physical attachment of a single bridge unit. In the example illustration, each side of the housing of sensor network node 600 exposes a single connector interface 610. The housing of the sensor network node can be substantially larger than the housing of the bridge unit. This can result, for example, because sensor network node 600 can be designed with additional components such as an internal power source (e.g., battery) that can involve additional volume requirements as compared to the bridge units. It is therefore recognized that one embodiment of a sensor network node can have multiple bridge units physically attached to a single side of the sensor network node.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example embodiment of a housing of a bridge unit such as the example illustration of bridge unit 300 in FIG. 3. As illustrated, bridge unit 700 can have a housing configured to expose a connector 710. Connector 710 can be configured for pluggable, removable insertion into a corresponding connector interface 610 exposed by the housing of sensor network node 600. The connection of bridge unit 700 to sensor network node 600 via the insertion of connector 710 into connector interface 610 produces a true plug-and-play framework for the deployment of a sensor network at a monitored location.

Sensor network nodes can be rapidly deployed throughout a monitored location to facilitate the integration of the sensor network with a control system. One of the challenges of operating a sensor network is ensuring sensor data retention when disruptions in the sensor network occur. As described above with reference to FIG. 2, data collected by controller 210 based on measurements by one or more sensors supported by sensor network node 200 can be transmitted back to the gateway via the sensor network node communication infrastructure using transceiver 220. In one embodiment, sensor network node 200 includes storage memory 250 (e.g., SRAM) that can be used to backup collected sensor data when the data memory capacity of controller 210 is exceeded. In one scenario, this can occur when communication through the sensor network node communication infrastructure has been disrupted. For example, the gateway, or other sensor network node that operates as a relay, can malfunction, have poor link quality, or otherwise have diminished capacity that prevents effective operation as part of the sensor network node communication infrastructure. In one embodiment, sensor network node 200 can also include a backup battery (not shown) that enables sensor network node 200 to continue to function should wall power be disrupted due to a power outage, unplugged event, or other event that affects an external power supply for sensor network node 200. It should be noted that sensor network node 200 can also be configured to operate primarily using a battery.

In one embodiment, controller 210 can be configured to detect when communication via the sensor network node communication infrastructure has been disrupted (e.g., loss of signal, poor link quality, or other loss of connectivity indicator), and to write collected sensor data to storage memory 250 for backup storage. In one embodiment, storage memory 250 can be sized such that sensor network node 200 can continue to backup collected sensor data for a defined period of time (e.g., one day) that can cover reasonable expectations of potential vulnerabilities and recovery scenarios of the sensor network node communication infrastructure.

The backup of collected sensor data to storage memory 250 during a disruption of the sensor network node communication infrastructure ensures that all collected sensor data is retained. Loss of collected sensor data is thereby prevented. The data retention afforded by storage memory 250 can be critical to ensuring that the monitoring application can perform its analytics on a complete set of collected sensor data.

In one embodiment, the collected sensor data is stored along with timestamp information. As would be appreciated, the timestamp information can relate to a time the sensor data was generated, a time the sensor information was received at sensor network node 200, or any other time associated with the flow of sensor data to network sensor network node 200.

The gateway at the monitored location can also be configured to operate similarly to the sensor network node with respect to data retention. FIG. 8 illustrates an example embodiment of a gateway. As illustrated, gateway 800 includes controller 810, transceiver 820 ₁ that supports a network connection with the operation center, and transceiver 820 ₂ that supports communication with the sensor network node communication infrastructure. In a manner similar to a sensor network node, gateway 800 can also collect data based on measurements by a plurality of sensors 840 ₁-840 _(N) that are contained within or otherwise supported by a housing of gateway 800. Gateway 800 can also collect data from a bridge unit that is connected to gateway 800 via universal sensor interface 830. In one embodiment, gateway 800 includes a single universal sensor interface 830 for limited expandability as compared to sensor network nodes.

In one embodiment, gateway 800 includes storage memory 850 (e.g., SD Card) that can be used to backup collected sensor data when the data memory capacity of controller 810 is exceeded. In one scenario, this can occur when communication through the network connection has been disrupted. In one embodiment, gateway 800 can also include a backup battery (not shown) that enables gateway 800 to continue to function should wall power be disrupted due to a power outage, unplugged event, or other event that affects an external power supply for gateway 800.

In one embodiment, controller 810 can be configured to detect when network communication with the operation center has been disrupted, and to write collected sensor data to storage memory 850 for backup storage. In one embodiment, storage memory 850 can be sized such that gateway 800 can continue to backup collected sensor data for a defined period of time (e.g., one week) that can cover reasonable expectations of potential vulnerabilities and recovery scenarios of the network connection.

The backup of collected sensor data to storage memory 850 during a disruption of the network connection ensures that all collected sensor data from the supported sensor network nodes at the monitored location is retained. Loss of collected sensor data is thereby prevented. The data retention afforded by storage memory 850 can be critical to ensuring that the monitoring application can perform its analytics on a complete set of collected sensor data. In a manner similar to the sensor network node, the collected sensor data can be stored at the gateway along with timestamp information. As would be appreciated, the timestamp information can relate to a time the sensor data was generated, a time the sensor information was received at the sensor network node, a time the sensor information was received at gateway 800, or any other time associated with the flow of sensor data to gateway 800.

As noted, the sensor network platform of the present disclosure can be integrated with a control system at a monitored location. FIG. 9 illustrates an overview of an example configuration of a sensor network platform. In this illustration, assume that device 960 supports a communication interface based on an industry-defined protocol such as Modbus, BACnet, LonWorks, or any other industry-defined interface specification. In various embodiments, device 960 can incorporate one or more sensors directly or can be connected to further devices that incorporate one or more sensors. Regardless of the particular mechanism of supporting one or more sensors, device 960 can be configured to provide a controller function that enables an interface to the one or more sensors. An example of such a controller function was illustrated by the external controllers in the context of the high-level overview of FIG. 1.

The sensor network platform, which includes gateway device 921, sensor network node 922, and bridge unit 940, can provide a mechanism for establishing communication between operation center 930 and device 960. While the example embodiment described above includes a bridge unit physically attached to a sensor network node via a plug-and-play universal interface, such an example is not intended to be limiting. In another embodiment, the functionally of a bridge unit and a sensor network node can be incorporated into an integrated network node device.

Bridge unit 940 can be designed to support the particular communication interface supported by device 960. Requests originated by bridge unit 940 to collect particular sensor data from device 960 and/or to present particular control information to device 960 can be remotely configured. Both the collection of particular sensor data and the presentation of particular control information is performed by bridge unit 940 on behalf of operation center 930. In this embodiment, operation center 930 would not directly interact with device 960 to collect particular sensor data and/or to present particular control information. In this framework, bridge unit 940 can continue to originate a collection of particular sensor data from device 960 and/or to originate a presentation of particular control information to device 960 when communication between operation center 930 and network node 922 has been disrupted.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, configuration information can be transmitted from operation center 930 to gateway 921 via the network connection, then can be transmitted from gateway 921 to network node 922 via the sensor network node communication infrastructure. In one embodiment, the configuration information is based on configuration settings that are stored in a database of operation center 930.

The configuration information received by sensor network node 922 can be used to configure the requests to be transmitted by bridge unit 940 to device 960. Where the request relates to the collection of particular sensor data, device 960 would return a response back to bridge unit 940 that includes the requested sensor data. The sensor data can then be transmitted by sensor network node 922 to operation center 930 via gateway 921. Where the request relates to the presentation of particular control information, device 960 would generate one or more control actions based on the control information contained within the request.

Having described a general framework for the configuration of requests in a sensor network node, a detailed description of an example interaction by a network node device with an external controller is now provided with reference to FIG. 10. In this example embodiment, network node device 1090 can represent the functionality produced by the combination of a sensor network node and a bridge unit. As noted above, network node device 1090 can be implemented as two separate devices that are physically attached, or can represent a single integrated device.

Network node device 1090 can be configured using configuration packets that are transmitted to network node device 1090. In general, configuration packets can be used to configure the operation of network node device 1090 in originating periodic communication transactions with device 1060. In one example, the one or more configuration packets can be used to establish a plurality of collection request definitions (CR₁-CR_(N)), wherein a particular collection request definition (CR_(n)) includes information that enables network node device to originate a collection request for transmission to device 1060.

In one example of a Modbus interface, the information can include the baud rate, the endianness, a device address of device 1060, a function code (e.g., read/write), an address (or range of addresses) in request map 1062 of device 1060, and any other configuration information relevant to forming a Modbus request. In one example of a BACnet interface, the information can include the baud rate, parity information, service type (e.g., read property), address, device identifier, object identifier, property identifier, and any other configuration information relevant to forming a BACnet request. As would be appreciated, the particular configuration information needed to originate a request transaction would be dependent on the particular interface supported between the network node device and the external device.

In one embodiment, the configuration packets can also be used to specify a request interval for initiation of one or more collection requests based on one or more stored collection request definitions (CR₁-CR_(N)). The specified request interval can identify a length of time between the transmission of collection requests based on a particular collection request definition CR_(n). For example, a request interval can be specified such that collection requests based on the same collection request definition CR_(n) are transmitted every X minutes. This framework can be useful where sensor data based on measurements by one or more sensors supported by device 1060 are needed every X minutes.

As would be appreciated, a request interval can be defined for application to a single collection request or can be defined for application to a group of collection requests. The particular request interval chosen would be dependent on the particular sensor application needs. In one example, a first request interval can be defined for a first set of one or more collection requests used to obtain first sensor data based on measurements by a first set of one or more sensors, while a second request interval can be defined for a second set of one or more collection requests used to obtain second sensor data based on measurements by a second set of one or more sensors. In general, a plurality of request intervals can be defined that enables a customized level of resolution granularity for different sets of sensor data based on measurements by one or more sensors.

In an example embodiment where the network node device is a combined device produced through the attachment of a bridge unit to a sensor network node, the collection request definitions (CR₁-CR_(N)) can be stored in the bridge unit, while the request interval(s) can be stored in the sensor network node. In this example, the sensor network node can generate a control signal when a new request is needed. The control signal would then be used to trigger the generation of a collection request based on a collection request definition CR_(n) stored in the bridge unit. As would be appreciated, the particular form of the control signal would be implementation dependent. For example, where the bridge unit is in a sleep state between requests, the control signal can include a signal (e.g., pulling a pin HI) that can wake up the bridge unit. In another example, the control signal can also include information that enables identification, by the bridge unit, of the particular collection requests that should be generated for that particular request interval. This further specification of a subset of the collection requests for execution in a request interval would be needed if multiple request intervals have been defined. In one embodiment, the bridge unit can also be configured to send a message to the sensor network node that the bridge unit has sensor data to be delivered to the sensor network node.

The origination and transmission of a collection request based on a stored collection request definition CR_(n) is designed to retrieve desired sensor data from device 1060. In a Modbus interface example, the collection request can include a read function code and a single address (or range of addresses) that is mapped to the desired sensor data (e.g., kWh power information). In a BACnet interface example, the collection request can include a read of a particular property of a BACnet object that is mapped to the desired sensor data.

Device 1060 can respond to a collection request by retrieving the sensor data using request map 1062 and returning the retrieved sensor data back to network node device 1090. Each collection request based on a stored collection request definition CR_(n) can be designed to retrieve corresponding sensor data SD_(n) using request map 1062 and to return the retrieved sensor data SD_(n) back to network node device 1090. As illustrated in FIG. 10, sensor data SD_(nx) is returned in response to the request based on the stored collection request definition CR_(n), where “x” represents the request interval. Thus, sensor data SD_(n1) is returned in response to the collection request based on the stored collection request definition CR_(n) in the 1^(st) request interval, sensor data SD_(n2) is returned in response to the collection request based on stored collection request definition CR_(n) in the 2^(nd) request interval, . . . , and sensor data SD_(nM) is returned in response to the collection request based on the stored collection request definition CR_(n) in the M^(th) request interval.

Where multiple collection requests based on multiple stored collection request definitions (CR₁-CR_(N)) are transmitted in a single request interval, then sensor data (SD₁₁-SD_(N1)) is returned in response to the multiple collection requests based on multiple stored collection request definitions (CR₁-CR_(N)) in the 1^(st) request interval, sensor data (SD₁₂-SD_(N2)) is returned in response to the multiple collection requests based on multiple stored collection request definitions (CR₁-CR_(N)) in the 2^(nd) request interval, . . . , and sensor data (SD_(1M)-SD_(Nm)) is returned in response to the multiple collection requests based on multiple stored collection request definitions (CR₁-CR_(N)) in the M^(th) request interval.

The sensor data received by network node device 1090 from device 1060 can be transmitted to the gateway device as the sensor data is received. Batch transmission of the sensor data from network node device 1090 to the gateway device is not necessarily implied based on the illustration of FIG. 10. Batch transmission of the sensor data can be used where the immediacy of the receipt of the sensor data by an operation center is neither necessary nor practical at that point in time.

In one example, network node device 1090 can store sensor data (SD₁₁-SD_(N1)) . . . (SD_(1M)-SD_(NM)) collected over M request intervals in a backup memory of network node device 1090 when it is determined that communication over the network node communication infrastructure has been disrupted. The storage of sensor data in the backup memory of network node device 1090 would continue until the disruption in the network node communication infrastructure has been cleared. After the disruption is cleared, batch transmission of the sensor information stored in the backup memory of network node device 1090 would commence. The collected sensor data is thereby retained notwithstanding the disruption.

Here, it should be noted that network node device 1090 can continue to originate and transmit collection requests to monitoring device 1060 during disruptions in the network node communication infrastructure. This would not be true if the requests themselves were sent over the network node communication infrastructure.

FIG. 10 illustrates the correspondence of the generation of multiple instances of a request based on a single stored collection request definition CR_(n). As described, a stored collection request definition CR_(n) can be established at network node device 1090 based on one or more configuration packets. The one or more configuration packets can thereby effect a remote configuration process of a network node device. As the network node device can communicate with a gateway device via wireless communication, the network node device can be configured to collect sensor data from any device installed at the monitored location. The wireless remote configuration would therefore obviate the need for incurring the time delay and expense of providing the physical cabling for connection to the device.

In addition to the collection of sensor data, network node device 1090 can also be configured to generate an action request (AR) to effect a control action at device 1060. Network node device 1090 can be configured to generate an AR based on the receipt of an action packet via the sensor network node communication infrastructure. In one embodiment, the action packet can include information (e.g., control command) to be written to device 1060. In a Modbus interface example, the AR can include a write function code, the control information, and a single address (or range of addresses) that is mapped to the desired control coil or register. In a BACnet interface example, the AR can include a write of a particular property of a BACnet object. Upon receipt of the write request, network node device 1090 can provide the control information to device 1060, wherein the control information can be used as part of a control action process at the monitored location. As illustrated, a control action (CA) can be generated by device 1060 in response to the received AR.

In general, action packets can be used to enable one-off requests. In addition to an action request, a one-off request can also relate to a one-off collection request (e.g., to effect some form of verification). As would be appreciated, the event-based action packet can be initiated in response to any event and can control network node device 1090 to originate and transmit a request to device 1060. In one embodiment, the information contained in an action packet can be deleted by network node device 1090 after execution of the request. Further, it should be noted that write requests can also be configured for transmission at periodic request intervals in a manner similar to periodic collection requests. As has been described, a bridge unit can be configured to originate requests for delivery to an external device.

It is also recognized that a bridge unit can be configured to respond to requests. FIG. 11 illustrates an overview of an example configuration of a bridge unit in a sensor network platform that can respond to requests from a device such as an external controller of a control system. In this illustration, assume that device 1160 supports a communication interface based on an industry-defined protocol such as Modbus, BACnet, LonWorks, or any other industry-defined interface specification. Again, while the example embodiment described above included a bridge unit physically attached to a sensor network node via a plug-and-play universal interface, such an example is not intended to be limiting. In another embodiment, the functionally of a bridge unit and a sensor network node can be incorporated into an integrated network node device.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, the sensor network platform includes gateway device 1121, sensor network node 1122, and bridge unit 1140. Bridge unit 1140 can be designed to support the particular communication interface used by device 1160. Bridge unit 1140 can be remotely configured to respond to requests generated by device 1160. The requests can relate to the collection of particular sensor information from bridge unit 1140 and/or to present particular control data to bridge unit 1140. Both the presentation of particular sensor information and the reception of particular control data can be performed by bridge unit 1140 on behalf of any device connected to the sensor network platform. An example of such an emulation function was illustrated by bridge unit 180 in the context of the high-level overview of FIG. 1.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, configuration information can be transmitted from operation center 1130 to gateway 1121 via the network connection, then can be transmitted from gateway 1121 to network node 1122 via the sensor network node communication infrastructure. In one embodiment, the configuration information is based on configuration settings that are stored in a database of operation center 1130.

The configuration information received by sensor network node 1122 can be used to configure the manner by which bridge unit 1140 would respond to requests by device 1160. Where the request relates to the collection of particular sensor information, bridge unit 1140 would return a response back to device 1160 that includes the requested sensor information. As will be described in greater detail below, the requested sensor information can be received by sensor network node 1122 from operation center 1130 via gateway 1121. In this framework, the bridge unit can be configured to present sensor information to the control system based on measurements by a sensor located anywhere in the sensor network. Where the request relates to the presentation of particular control data, bridge unit 1140 would receive the presented control data and transmit the presented control data to another sensor network node or to operation center 1130 via gateway 1121. In this framework, the bridge unit can be configured to implement controls actions anywhere in the sensor network based on the receipt of control data from the device.

Having described a general framework for the configuration of bridge unit 1140 in responding to requests, a detailed description of an example interaction by a network node device with a device such as a control system is now provided with reference to FIG. 12. In this example embodiment, network node device 1290 can represent the functionality produced by the combination of a sensor network node and a bridge unit. As noted above, network node device 1290 can be implemented as two separate devices that are physically attached, or can represent a single integrated device.

Network node device 1290 can be remotely configured to respond to requests by device 1260. As illustrated in FIG. 12, device 1260 can generate a plurality of collection requests (CR₁-CR_(N)). Each collection request CR_(n) can represent a periodic request for particular sensor information. As would be appreciated, a one-time request can represent a special case of a periodic request, wherein only a single instance of the collection request is issued by device 1260.

Since network node device 1290 is emulating a device that generates sensor data, network node device 1290 can be configured to present customized sensor information to device 1260. Configuration of network node device 1290 can be enabled through the receipt of configuration packets via the sensor network node communication infrastructure. Configuration information contained in the configuration packets can originate at the operation center, which communicates with the gateway device at the monitored location via a network connection. In a general sense, the provision of new sensor information for presentation by network node device 1290 can be treated in a manner similar to the update of any aspect of the configuration of network node device 1290. Here, the addition of new sensor information to network node device 1290 can be viewed as a change in the way that network node device 1290 would respond to a collection request CR_(n) by device 1260.

As such, configuration packets can be used to provide not only the customized sensor information to be presented to device 1260, but also collection request association information that would enable network node device 1290 to associate customized sensor information with potential collection requests from device 1260. In general, the configuration packets can include any configuration information that would help network node device 1290 to know how to respond to a particular request from device 1260. In FIG. 12, this association is illustrated by request map 1292, which enables network node device 1290 to associate received customized sensor information with a particular received request.

Device 1260 can be configured to generate a plurality of collection requests (CR₁-CR_(N)), wherein each collection request CR_(n) can request one or more elements of sensor information. Each collection request CR_(n) can be designed to retrieve sensor information periodically through the transmission by device 1260 of multiple instances of the same collection request CR_(n). Network node device 1290 would receive each instance of the collection request CR_(n), identify the sensor information SI_(n) associated with the collection request CR_(n) using request map 1292, and transmit the associated sensor information SI_(n) back to device 1260 as part of a response. In the illustration of FIG. 12, each one of multiple collection requests (CR₁-CR_(N)) would produce a corresponding response having associated sensor information (SI₁-SI_(N)). Multiple instances of the collection requests would produce multiple instances of responses including the associated sensor information. Thus, sensor information (SI₁₁-SI_(N)) is returned in response to the first instance of collection requests (CR₁-CR_(N)), sensor information (SI₁₂-SI_(N2)) is returned in response to the second instance of collection requests (CR₁-CR_(N)), . . . , and sensor information (R_(1M)-SI_(NM)) is returned in response to the M^(th) instance of collection requests (CR₁-CR_(N)).

Ideally, sensor information is always made available to network node device 1290 just prior to the receipt by network node device 1290 of an associated collection request. This condition may not always be true and is a consequence of the fact that network node device 1290 is emulating another device. Effectively, the collection requests submitted by device 1260 are sampling sensor information that is continually changing at network node device 1290. Where the configuration packets update sensor information at network node device 1290 more frequently than collection requests are received from device 1260, then some sensor information updates can be missed by the collection requests. This may not necessarily be a problem because the frequency of collection requests may be enough to suit the needs of device 1260. Where the configuration packets update sensor information at network node device 1290 less frequently than collection requests are received from device 1260, then some sensor information returned to control system 1260 can represent “stale” sensor information that has previously been received.

In one embodiment, network node device 1290 can be configured to delete sensor information after the sensor information has been presented to device 1260 in response to a collection request. Where new sensor information has not been received prior to a subsequent collection request, network node device 1290 can be configured to return an exception response, which would alert device 1260 that new sensor information is not available. Device 1260 could then accelerate the queuing of a new instance of the collection request for that sensor information. In one embodiment, network node device 1290 can also be configured to return an exception response when a disruption in the sensor network node infrastructure has been detected, which would preclude the receipt of sensor information updates from the operation center.

In another embodiment, network node device 1290 could store timestamp information with sensor information such that the time stamp information can be returned to device 1260 in response to a collection request. This timetamp information would then provide device 1260 with an understanding of the relative recency of the sensor information in the context of a stream of sensor information. As would be appreciated, the timestamp information can relate to a time the sensor information was generated, a time the sensor information was received at the operation center, a time the sensor information was received at network node device 1290, or any other time associated with the flow of the sensor information to network node device 1290.

Network node device 1290 can also be configured to respond to action requests received from device 1260. While an action request can be produced periodically to perform a series of repeated actions, the description below describes a one-off action request. As would be appreciated, periodic action requests would represent multiple instances of the same action request and can be handled accordingly by network node device 1290 as described below.

An action request (AR) can be transmitted to effect a control action anywhere in the sensor network. Significantly, the particular location of the control action can be remote from network node device 1290. Network node device 1290 happens to be a recipient of the action request, but need not be the actual executor of the control action in response to the action request. Network node device 1290 can relay control data to another sensor network node or back to the operation center via the gateway device, wherein the operation center can then send control information (e.g., action packet described with reference to FIG. 9), which is based on the control data, to another network node device for execution of the control action. In one embodiment, the bridge unit can be configured to send a message to the sensor network node that the bridge unit has received an action request to be delivered to the sensor network node.

As illustrated in FIG. 12, one or more configuration packets can be used to provide action request association information that would enable network node device 1290 to transmit particular control data (CD) to the operation center in response to a received action request (AR). In one embodiment, request map 1292 can represent a memory mapping that associates control data to be transmitted with data requested by device 1260 to be written. In one embodiment, the write request can include information that enables identification of a particular actuator device in the sensor network and an action to be taken by the actuator device.

In one embodiment, the CD that is transmitted to the operation center can be included in an update packet that is returned to the gateway device via the sensor network node communication infrastructure. Contents of the update packet can then be transmitted by the gateway device to the operation center to alert the operation center of a change in the configuration of network node device 1290. The reported change in configuration of network node device 1290 can then produce a response by the operation center in implementing a control action by an actuator device in the sensor network.

Having described an example interaction by a network node device with external devices, a description of an example end-to-end data flow is now provided. FIG. 13 provides an example illustration of an operation of a sensor network that collects sensor data from device 1310 and presents sensor information based on the collected sensor data to control system 1380.

Device 1310 can generate sensor data based on measurements performed by one or more supported sensors. The generated sensor data can then be made available to bridge unit 1320. This process is illustrated as data flow “1”. In one example, the provision of sensor data from device 1310 to bridge unit 1320 can be performed via an external interface based on an industry-defined protocol. In another example, the sensor data is made available via intra-device communication.

Bridge unit 1320 can leverage a sensor network node communication infrastructure formed by a plurality of sensor network nodes to communicate the collected sensor data to gateway 1340. Entry into the sensor network node communication infrastructure is through sensor network node 1330. In one embodiment, bridge unit 1320 is attached to sensor network node 1330 via a plug-and-play universal sensor interface. The communication through the sensor network node communication infrastructure is illustrated as data flow “2”. The sensor network node infrastructure can be based on wired and/or wireless communication, and can include communication through one or more intervening nodes between sensor network node 1330 and gateway 1340. In one example, the sensor data is communicated through a wireless mesh network formed by a plurality of wireless sensor network nodes.

Gateway 1340 can transmit the data received from the sensor network node communication infrastructure to operation center 1350 via a network connection. This communication is illustrated as data flow “3”. Operation center 1350 can be located external to the monitored location. In various embodiments, the network connection can be based on wired and/or wireless communications.

Having been transported offsite from the monitored location, the collected sensor data can now be processed for presentation to control system 1380. In one embodiment, the processing is performed by custom processing element 1351, which can be enabled by one or more servers at operation center 1350 under the control of configuration settings established by a user. In one embodiment, the processing can include one or more conversion functions defined by the configuration settings. These one or more conversion functions may not be supported by device 1310.

In general, the customized information can be designed to produce actionable information for use by control system 1380. Operation center 1350 can be configured to process collected sensor data to produce any form or type of information needed by control system 1380. Thus, the particular processing performed by operation center 1350 would be dependent on the needs and capabilities of control system 1380 and the sensor application implemented.

The production, by custom processing element 1351, of sensor information from collected sensor data is illustrated as data flow “4”. The custom-processed sensor information can now be returned to the monitored location for presentation to control system 1380. Operation center 1350 can be configured to transmit the custom-processed sensor information back to gateway 1340 via the network connection. This communication is illustrated as data flow “5”.

Gateway 1340 would then transmit the custom-processed sensor information to bridge unit 1370 via the sensor network node communication infrastructure formed by the plurality of sensor network nodes. This communication through the sensor network node communication infrastructure is illustrated as data flow “6”. Again, the communication through the sensor network node communication infrastructure can include communication through one or more intervening nodes between gateway 1340 and sensor network node 1360.

The custom-processed sensor information can exit from the sensor network node communication infrastructure through sensor network node 1360 and be passed to bridge unit 1370. In one embodiment, bridge unit 1370 is attached to sensor network node 1470 via a plug-and-play universal sensor interface.

Bridge unit 1370 can now present the custom-processed sensor information to control system 1480. This presentation is illustrated as data flow “7”. In one embodiment, the presentation of custom-processed sensor information from bridge unit 1470 to control system 1480 can be performed via an external interface based on an industry-defined protocol. In one example, the information (e.g., sensor data) can be presented to control system 1380 in the context of a response to a read request from control system 1380. In another example, the information (e.g., control data) can be presented to control system 1380 in the context of a request to write information to control system 1380. As the example data flow illustrates, custom-processed sensor information can be generated from sensor data collected by device 1310 then presented to control system 1380 through a known interface supported by control system 1380.

FIG. 14 provides an example illustration of an operation of a sensor network that receives information from control system 1480 and can present control information based on the received information to device 1410. In one example, the control action is based on control data that is received by bridge unit 1470 from control system 1480. The control data can be generated based on analytics performed by control system 1480 on sensor data available to control system 1480. The generated control data can then be provided to bridge unit 1570 as part of a request to write information to bridge unit 1470. In another example, the control action is based on sensor data that is received by bridge unit 1470 from control system 1480 as part of a request to read information from control system 1480. In this example, the retrieved sensor data can be processed by customer processing 1451 in operation center 1450 to produce control information that can be presented to device 1410 to initiate a control action by an actuator supported by device 14101.

The provision of information to bridge unit 1470 is illustrated as data flow “1”. In one example, the provision of information from control system 1480 to bridge unit 1470 can be performed via an external interface based on an industry-defined protocol.

Bridge unit 1470 can leverage a sensor network node communication infrastructure formed by a plurality of sensor network nodes to communicate the control data to gateway 1440. Entry into the sensor network node communication infrastructure is through sensor network node 1460. In one embodiment, bridge unit 1470 is attached to sensor network node 1460 via a plug-and-play universal sensor interface. The communication through the sensor network node communication infrastructure is illustrated as data flow “2”. The sensor network node infrastructure can be based on wired and/or wireless communication, and can include communication through one or more intervening nodes between sensor network node 1460 and gateway 1440. In one example, the information is communicated through a wireless mesh network formed by a plurality of wireless sensor network nodes.

Gateway 1440 can transmit the information received from the sensor network node communication infrastructure to operation center 1450 via a network connection. This communication is illustrated as data flow “3”. Operation center 1450 can be located external to the monitored location. In various embodiments, the network connection can be based on wired and/or wireless communications.

Having been transported offsite from the monitored location, the collected information can now be processed for presentation as control information to device 1410. In one embodiment, the processing is performed by custom processing element 1451, which can be enabled by one or more servers at operation center 1450 under the control of configuration settings established by a user. In one embodiment, the processing can include one or more analytic functions defined by the configuration settings. These one or more conversion functions may not be supported by control system 1480. The production, by custom processing element 1451, of control information from information received from control system 1480 is illustrated as data flow “4”. The custom-processed control information can now be returned to the monitored location for presentation to device 1410. Operation center 1450 can be configured to transmit the custom-processed control information back to gateway 1440 via the network connection. This communication is illustrated as data flow “5”.

Gateway 1440 would then transmit the custom-processed control information to bridge unit 1420 via the sensor network node communication infrastructure formed by the plurality of sensor network nodes. This communication through the sensor network node communication infrastructure is illustrated as data flow “6”. Again, the communication through the sensor network node communication infrastructure can include communication through one or more intervening nodes between gateway 1440 and sensor network node 1430.

The custom-processed control information can exit from the sensor network node communication infrastructure through sensor network node 1430 and be passed to bridge unit 1420. In one embodiment, bridge unit 1420 is attached to sensor network node 1430 via a plug-and-play universal sensor interface.

Bridge unit 1420 can now present the custom-processed control information to actuator device 1410. This presentation is illustrated as data flow “7”. In one embodiment, the presentation of custom-processed control information from bridge unit 1420 to actuator device 1410 can be performed via an external interface based on an industry-defined protocol. As this example data flow illustrates, custom-processed control information can be generated from information received from control system 1480 then presented to actuator device 1410 through a known interface supported by device 1410.

Having described the mechanism for integrating with a BCS, an example integration scenario is now described. In general, every commercial building's BCS faces obsolescence. Technological obsolescence is a natural, expected outcome due to the multi-decade service lifespan of a typical commercial building. More baffling, and certainly more disruptive, is functional obsolescence due to new customer demands that arise when the functional specifications of an initially commissioned BCS fall short.

Whether the BCS was commissioned 1, 10 or 20 years ago, any new customer demands for unsupported monitoring and control features in a commercial building will drive the BCS into functional obsolescence. Building owners and operators that awaken to new energy efficiency initiatives, predictive maintenance rewards, and new government regulations are frustrated when saddled with a functionally obsolete BCS.

Consider an example. The New Jersey Department of Labor's Indoor Air Quality Standard, which requires the employer to check the HVAC operation when the CO₂ concentration exceeds 1,000 ppm. The California Labor Code requires measurement of the CO₂ concentration when occupants report the area as “stuffy,” “close,” or “stifling.” A 2016 study quantifying the adverse impact of increasing CO₂ concentration levels confirms the decline in cognitive function of office workers.

Should new government regulations (or new tenant demands) require the direct measurement and real-time control of CO₂ concentration levels in shared workspaces, virtually all commercial building owners/operators would be stunned by the immediate functional obsolescence of their BCS.

There are inherent and unavoidable risks of functional obsolescence. When encountered, building owners and operators would be forced to reevaluate their BCS road map to identify the most cost-effective mechanism for rescuing their legacy BCS from obsolescence.

The manufacturer of a BCS installed in a newly commissioned building is the incumbent. The traditional framework has always expected the incumbent to dictate the upgrade path of a legacy BCS when responding to the inevitable, yet predictable, obsolescence to come.

Market share within the BCS market highly correlates to incumbency; the overall market has settled over time in its current segmentation based on the particular strategic advantages offered by the various Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 vendors. The persistent balance of this established market segmentation hinges upon the continued validity of the current incumbency model.

The present smart building solution breaks the incumbency model; it frees building owners and operators to choose alternative vendors to satisfy their retrofit BCS needs in a timely and cost-effective manner. Unhinged from incumbency, the old market share segmentation will resettle amongst the various Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 vendors.

Every building's BCS upgrade needs will be placed back into the open market. Tier 1 vendors will compete on all fronts, not just new commissioning projects; Tier 2 or Tier 3 vendors will compete for retrofits to augment a Tier 1 vendor's legacy BCS; and new vendors will enter the retrofit BCS market as the barriers to entry dictated by incumbency are removed.

The present smart building solution leverages wireless nodes that can be customized through plug-n-play wireless connectivity to connect to various sensors, meters, or devices in a building. The mobility of the wireless nodes provides low-cost, unobtrusive installation in a fully-occupied commercial building. Retrofit IoT extensions can be used by a retrofit partner to rescue a building from an obsolete legacy BCS.

Dependence on the incumbent BCS vendor will be broken. The alternative BCS upgrade path allows building owners and operators to shop their retrofit BCS needs to non-incumbents.

The entire BCS market will be unlocked such that every building's current and future retrofit BCS needs are reopened for competition. Market share allocations will resettle to a new normal as revenue shifts associated with the new wave of retrofit BCS extensions cascade through the traditional BCS market.

The reach of a BCS within a building is extensive. The core BCS functionality includes keeping the building climate within a specified range, lighting rooms based on an occupancy schedule, monitoring device failures, and providing malfunction alarms. A BCS monitors and logs thousands of data points, which detail the intricacies of the underlying, typically unseen, operations within the building. The sheer volume of logged data can overwhelm anyone responsible for identifying or deriving actionable information from the voluminous data.

Information overload will persist under the current BCS framework. A BCS is akin to the central nervous system of the human body; it performs critical body functions in a manner typically unseen and unknown outside of the diagnostics generated by detailed medical testing. Patients presented with such detailed diagnostic data would find it unintelligible and unusable. The current market for BCS information usage faces similar challenges.

While consumer IoT has produced dubious technological products, market trends confirm the advancement of commercial IoT in the BCS market. The crux of the IoT movement is about changing the way customers interact with data.

Take any wearable fitness tracker. It's a small sensor that collects real-time data on our body and gives insights into our health. Nothing is fundamentally changing our bodies by wearing a fitness tracker, but the data presented allows us to make adjustments based on individual needs and ultimately helps us reduce health risks. Individuals don't need the intimate details of every bodily function, what they need is a targeted, intelligible compilation of real-time data that enables them to make adjustments or take immediate action.

The present smart building solution can interface with a legacy BCS and extract needed BCS data to produce useful insights. The extracted data from the legacy BCS can be combined in real-time with data from one or more installed IoT extensions to produce actionable information (FIG. 16). The creation of actionable information targeted to the particular customer's needs represents a new application layer positioned on top of the legacy BCS infrastructure. This new application layer inserts itself between the customer and the legacy BCS and will change the way that a building owner or operator interacts with the BCS data.

The new application layer will present the primary customer interface by which the customer will interact with the day-to-day actionable information for a building. The new application layer can be used to craft a customized, functional interface that delivers building intelligence services directly to the customer.

The legacy BCS functionality can continue supporting the underlying task of operating critical building systems. Service technicians will continue performing adjustments of the hidden functions within the legacy BCS through the standard BCS terminal interface.

The new application layer can cooperate with the legacy BCS and can feed back relevant data and controls to the legacy BCS to assist the legacy BCS in performing its detailed day-to-day functions. The relevant data and controls can result from custom software analytics implemented by the new application layer.

The new application layer will provide a natural conduit through which continuous commissioning, predictive maintenance, or other high-level application services flow to customer decision makers. The new application layer will manage the customer relationship; it can be used to dictate the pace of retrofit BCS service expansion for the building.

The present innovations have created a new market for traditional and non-traditional vendors of BCS services. Regardless of the type of legacy BCS, new competition is created for new retrofit service contracts in already commissioned buildings having an existing, in-service BCS. This will accelerate the advancement of IoT in the BCS market as critical business problems are solved and tangible outcomes are produced for the direct benefit of customer decision makers.

The present innovations augment legacy BCS functionality with state-of-the-art smart building technology using low-cost wireless IoT retrofits. The combination of hardware, software, and cloud data solutions delivers a tightly integrated, full-stack solution designed specifically for rapid installation, remote customer configuration, and customizable analytics.

The innovations are agnostic to the legacy BCS. A wireless node configured with a BCS interface bridge device can be remotely configured to retrieve data from and write data to the legacy BCS using an industry standard protocol (e.g., BACnet). As illustrated in FIG. 15, integration with the legacy BCS is enabled by Wireless Node 1 configured with Bridge 1 (B1) using a plug-n-play interface.

Also illustrated are two different example IoT extensions that augment the legacy BCS functionality in an evolutionary manner.

IoT Extension 1 includes Wireless Node 2 outfitted with Bridge 2 (B2) and Wireless Node 3 outfitted with Bridge 3 (B3). By way of example, Bridge 2 can be configured with a suite of environmental sensors designed to capture air quality measurements such as CO₂, humidity, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Particulate Matter (PM), etc. in responding to government regulations or customer concerns, while Bridge 3 can be configured to retrieve equipment operation data such as supply and return temperatures, vibration data, duty cycle data, etc. to support continuing commissioning and predictive maintenance efforts.

IoT Extension 2 includes Wireless Node 4 outfitted with Bridge 4 (B4) and Wireless Node 5 outfitted with Bridge 5 (B5), and can be added at a later point in time as compared to IoT Extension 1. By way of example, Bridge 4 can be configured to capture leak detection data to support facility management efforts, while Bridge 5 can be configured to output actuator control signals to an electrical relay to control operation of facility equipment to support new energy efficiency initiatives.

IoT Extensions 1 and 2 would introduce retrofit BCS functionality into a building currently supported by an in-service, legacy BCS. The monitoring data produced by IoT Extensions 1 and 2 can be delivered to a host system via a gateway device along with the data retrieved from the legacy BCS. The cloud-based host system can perform custom analytics on the retrieved data to generate actionable information for presentation directly to the customer. Advanced software analytics can be rapidly introduced into the retrofit ecosystem through software partners that access the cloud-hosted data using RESTful APIs.

As this example scenario illustrates, the wireless sensor network can flexibly support many types of retrofit monitoring and control needs. Mobile wireless nodes can be added to or removed from the wireless sensor network at any time and custom configured with the desired bridge device using plug-n-play connectivity.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure can provide a machine and/or computer readable storage and/or medium, having stored thereon, a machine code and/or a computer program having at least one code section executable by a machine and/or a computer, thereby causing the machine and/or computer to perform the steps as described herein.

Those of skill in the relevant art would appreciate that the various illustrative blocks, modules, elements, components, and methods described herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative blocks, modules, elements, components, methods, and algorithms have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those of skill in the relevant art can implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application. Various components and blocks may be arranged differently (e.g., arranged in a different order, or partitioned in a different way) all without departing from the scope of the subject technology.

These and other aspects of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the relevant art by a review of the preceding detailed disclosure. Although a number of salient features of the present disclosure have been described above, the principles in the present disclosure are capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways that would be apparent to one of skill in the relevant art after reading the present disclosure, therefore the above disclosure should not be considered to be exclusive of these other embodiments. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purposes of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: retrieving, by a first wireless node in a building using a Building Automation Control Network (BACnet) protocol, first sensor data from a control system device in a building, the control system device configured for operation as part of a building control system to control a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) function in the building; transmitting, by the first wireless node, the first sensor data to a gateway device in the building via a first wireless communication, the gateway device operating independently from the building control system and having a wide area network connection with a host system that is remote from the building; retrieving, by a second wireless node in the building, second sensor data generated by a second set of one or more sensors that are supported by the second wireless node; transmitting, by the second wireless node in the building, the second sensor data to the gateway device in the building via a second wireless communication; transmitting, by the gateway device, the first sensor data to the host system via a first transmission; transmitting, by the gateway device, the second sensor data to the host system via a second transmission; and combining, by the host system, the first sensor data and the second sensor data into a data visualization of physical conditions in the building.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first wireless communication is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the wide area network connection is a cellular connection.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first wireless node originates a BACnet request to retrieve the first sensor data.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second sensor data includes indoor air quality data.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the indoor air quality data includes carbon dioxide, Particulate Matter (PM), and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) data.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second sensor data includes equipment duty cycle data.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second sensor data includes equipment vibration data.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the second sensor data includes leak detection data.
 10. A system, comprising a gateway device in a building, the gateway device configured to operate independently of a building control system that controls a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) function in a building; a first wireless node having a first wireless transceiver and a first wired interface with a control system device in a building, the control system device configured for operation as part of the building control system, the first wireless node configured to retrieve first sensor data from the control device using a Building Automation Control Network (BACnet) protocol, the first wireless transceiver transmitting the first sensor data to the gateway device; a second wireless node having a second wireless transceiver, the second wireless node configured to retrieve second sensor data generated by a second set of one or more sensors that are supported by the second wireless node, the second wireless transceiver transmitting the second sensor data to the gateway device; and a host system at a location remote from the building, the host system receiving the first sensor data and the second sensor data from the gateway device via a wide area network connection, the host system including the first sensor data and the second sensor data into a data visualization of physical conditions in the building, the data visualization delivered via a web interface to a user.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the first wireless communication is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.
 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the wide area network connection is a cellular connection.
 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the first wireless node originates a BACnet request to retrieve the first sensor data.
 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the second sensor data includes indoor air quality data.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the indoor air quality data includes carbon dioxide, Particulate Matter (PM), and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) data.
 16. The system of claim 10, wherein the second sensor data includes equipment duty cycle data.
 17. The system of claim 10, wherein the second sensor data includes equipment vibration data.
 18. The system of claim 10, wherein the second sensor data includes leak detection data.
 19. A system, comprising a first wireless node having a first wireless transceiver, the first wireless node configured to retrieve indoor air quality data, including carbon dioxide, Particulate Matter (PM), and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) data, the first wireless transceiver configured to transmit the indoor air quality data to a gateway device configured to operate independently of a building control system that controls a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) function in a building; a second node having a second transceiver and a wired interface with a building control system device in a building, the building control system device configured for operation as part of the building control system, the second node configured to retrieve building control system data from the building control system device using a Building Automation Control Network (BACnet) protocol, the second transceiver transmitting the building control system data to the gateway device; a host system at a location remote from the building, the host system receiving the building control system data and the indoor air quality data from the gateway device, the host system including the building control system data and the indoor air quality data into a data visualization of physical conditions in the building, the data visualization delivered via a web interface to a user.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the gateway device uses a cellular connection. 